Project Area
The 932-acre James Family Forest was acquired by GLLT in 2022 thanks to the strong conservation ethic and generosity of the James Family and grant support from numerous organizations. The forest features expansive areas of upland forest and is also rich in aquatic resources. Dominant forest types include Oak-Pine-Hardwood, Hemlock-Hardwood, and Pine-Hardwood at various stages of stand development. The property contains the entire shoreline of the 20-acre Dan Charles Pond, many acres of wetland, and approximately 2.5 miles of frontage along the Kezar River. In addition, numerous small streams traverse the land and several vernal pools provide valuable breeding habitat for amphibians. The property also features a multi-use trail network and a recently constructed hiking trail to the summit of Patterson Hill.
This property is also part of a research project being conducted across land trust properties in western Maine and eastern New Hampshire which aims to assess outcomes of different adaptive management strategies under future climate scenarios. The project, led by Will Durkin, a master’s student in the Field Naturalist Program at the University of Vermont, will utilize a process-based forestry model to simulate forest dynamics and development over the next 77 years under different climatic and adaptive forest management scenarios. To do this, the model uses stand-specific forest inventory information, soil characteristics, and projected climate data through the year 2100. This model will be used to evaluate three management scenarios: 1) No-management; 2) Resilience (selection harvest methods to promote diversity in structure, age, and composition); and 3) Transition (irregular shelterwood harvest methods in combination with enrichment of climate-adaptive species).
This property is also part of a research project being conducted across land trust properties in western Maine and eastern New Hampshire which aims to assess outcomes of different adaptive management strategies under future climate scenarios. The project, led by Will Durkin, a master’s student in the Field Naturalist Program at the University of Vermont, will utilize a process-based forestry model to simulate forest dynamics and development over the next 77 years under different climatic and adaptive forest management scenarios. To do this, the model uses stand-specific forest inventory information, soil characteristics, and projected climate data through the year 2100. This model will be used to evaluate three management scenarios: 1) No-management; 2) Resilience (selection harvest methods to promote diversity in structure, age, and composition); and 3) Transition (irregular shelterwood harvest methods in combination with enrichment of climate-adaptive species).
Management Goals
Improve and maintain the species and structural diversity of stands 2 and 3 on the property (15 years).
- Implement treatments to improve or maintain structural diversity.
- Implement treatments to improve or maintain species diversity.
- Monitor for infestations of invasive forest pests and nonnative plant species and implement treatments to control or remove infestations.
Climate Change Impacts
For this project, the most important anticipated climate change impacts include:
Temperatures in New England are projected to increase 5.3 to 9.1 °F by late century (2071-2100), with the greatest warming expected to occur during winter.
Winter will be shorter and milder, with less precipitation falling as snow and reduced snow cover and depth.
The timing and amount of stream flow is expected to change over the next century across the region including more high streamflow days in winter and spring and low streamflow days in summer and fall.
Forest vegetation in the region may face increased risk of moisture deficit and drought during the growing season.
Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation in the region will interact to change soil moisture patterns throughout the year, with the potential for both wetter and drier conditions depending on the location and season.
Certain insect pests and pathogens may increase in occurrence or become more damaging in the region (e.g., spongy moth, oak wilt, hemlock wooly adelgid).
Many invasive plants will increase in extent or abundance in the region.
Many northern and boreal tree species will face increasing stress across much of the region.
Challenges and Opportunities
Climate change will present challenges and opportunities for accomplishing the management objectives of this project, including:
Challenges
Increased risk of moisture stress and invasive species spread post-harvest could hinder regeneration efforts, making it harder to improve and maintain structural diversity.
Decreases in suitable habitat for more northern species and increases in damage from pests may make it more difficult to maintain species diversity on site.
Shorter winters and longer growing seasons may increase the risk of invasive species out-competing native species and require more resources to control them.
The spread of hemlock wooly adelgid together with increased drought risk may make it more difficult to maintain hemlock forest cover around streams.
The spread of invasive forest pests such as hemlock wooly adelgid and spongy moth could cause increases in mortality of mature trees from the canopy and wholesale removal of certain species from the forest.
Opportunities
A longer growing season may lead to more growth of desired native species, depending on moisture conditions.
Species currently present on site are predicted to have good capability to withstand climate stressors.
Site conditions may be suitable to black birch and other more southern-adapted species not currently on site that could help maintain species diversity.
Drier conditions during the growing season may make it harder for fungal pathogens to persist.
Variability in winter temperatures (potential cold flashes) could slow the spread of hemlock wooly adelgid.
Adaptation Actions
Project participants used the Adaptation Workbook to develop several adaptation actions for this project, including:
Area/Topic
Approach
Tactics
Stand 2
Conduct annual monitoring for invasive plant species along the river. This will be done by GLLT staff and volunteers as part of routine annual monitoring.
Reduce hemlock cover in favor of white pine (start in 1-5 years).
Stand 3
Conduct a timber stand improvement/harvest or crop tree release to increase age class diversity in the stand.
Thin hardwood species and plant white pine to facilitate mixedwood species composition.
Retain a certain number of legacy trees per species as seed sources, with particular focus on mast species (red and white oak), white pine, and eastern hemlock.
Monitoring
Project participants identified several monitoring items that could help inform future management, including:
Invasive forest pest species infestations (size, number, and location of infestations)
White pine regeneration in harvested stands (% cover of seedlings/saplings in 1/10th-acre plots; Target: 60% cover in harvested white pine stands)
Changes in structural diversity using 2021 forest inventory as a baseline (Target: increase or maintain level of structural diversity)
Presence of legacy trees in young stands (count and map legacy trees to ensure retention over time)